— “語氣”分類 —
在英語中,語氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,它表示說話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。
- ① 陳述語氣(indicative mood):用來陳述一個(gè)事實(shí),或提出一個(gè)想法,有肯定、否定、疑問和感嘆等形式。
- ② 祈使語氣(imperative mood):表達(dá)直接命令或請(qǐng)求的語氣。
- ③ 虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood):表示說話人的一種愿望、建議、命令、要求,有時(shí)是一種非真實(shí)的假設(shè)、料想,或是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的、與事實(shí)相反的愿望。
- ④ 疑問語氣(interrogative mood):主要用于提出問題,詢問情況。主要分為4種:一般疑問句、選擇疑問句、特殊疑問句和反意疑問句。
— 虛擬語氣的用法 —
虛擬語氣主要有三大板塊內(nèi)容,即if條件句中的虛擬語氣、名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣和其他特殊句型中的虛擬語氣。
1、if條件句中的虛擬語氣
- ① 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
例如: 如果他們?cè)谶@兒,會(huì)幫助你的。If they were here, they would help you.
實(shí)際含義:他們不在這,也不會(huì)幫助你。They are not here, they can’t help you.
- ② 與過去事實(shí)相反
例如: 如果他昨天來了的話,我就把這件事告訴他了。If he had come yesterday, I would have told him about it.
實(shí)際含義:他昨天沒來,所以我也沒告訴他這件事。He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
- ③ 與將來可能事實(shí)相反
例如: 如果你成功了,一切都會(huì)好的。
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
實(shí)際含義:你不太可能成功,一切都會(huì)是現(xiàn)在的樣子。
You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.
- ④ if條件句的省略和倒裝
條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞有系動(dòng)詞 were , 助動(dòng)詞 had 或 should,可將 if 省略,把 were,had,should 移到主語前(倒裝),變?yōu)?strong>Were / Should / Had +主+其他。
例句:
1.Were I you, I would try it again.
2. Had he been there yesterday, he would have seen the film.
3. Should it snow tomorrow, we wouldn’t go out.
規(guī)律:if 溜,had, should, were句首走。
- ⑤ 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬語氣
錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間句:即虛擬條件從句與虛擬主句中謂語動(dòng)作的時(shí)間不一致,如從句指過去,而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?/span>,此時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語境情況,結(jié)合前面提到的三種基本類型對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整:
例如:1.If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.要是昨晚下過雨的話,現(xiàn)在地面就會(huì)是濕的。
做題方法:找準(zhǔn)時(shí)間 靈活對(duì)應(yīng)
- ⑥ wish、as if/though和if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣用法相同
補(bǔ)充:if only :意為“要是……就好了”,用法同 “I wish”。
2、名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
表“建議,命令,要求”等意義時(shí),名詞性從句用(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形。
(1) 建議:動(dòng)詞advise, suggest, propose, recommend (名詞advice, suggestion, proposal, recommendation)
(2) 命令:名詞order, command
(3) 要求:動(dòng)詞request, require, demand, ask, insist (名詞request, requirement, demand)
注意:
(1)suggest 意為“表明,暗示”時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。
(2)insist 意為“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,堅(jiān)持說”時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。
(3)★名詞性從句表示說話人“強(qiáng)烈”的感情色彩時(shí),從句用should +動(dòng)詞原形/should + have done,should 可譯為“應(yīng)該;居然,竟然”。(should 可以省略)
3、其他特殊句型中的虛擬語氣
- ① would rather/prefer 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣
句型:would rather/prefer + that-從句(從句用虛擬語氣)
(1)表示愿望與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,從句用一般過去時(shí)。
(2)表示愿望與過去事實(shí)相反,從句用過去完成時(shí)。
(3)表示愿望與將來事實(shí)相反,從句用一般過去時(shí)。
例句:
(1)I would rather you paid me now.
(2)I would rather you had gone, too.
(3)Don’t come. I would rather you came tomorrow.
注意:如果表示的事情可能會(huì)發(fā)生,那么狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞可用陳述語氣。
- ② It’s (about/high) time 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣
句型:It’s (about/high) time +that —過去時(shí) / should +v.
例句:你該走了。
(1)It’s high time that you went.
(2)It’s high time that you should go.
例句:我們?cè)撊ニX了。
(1)It’s time that we went to bed.
(2)It’s time that we should go to bed.
- ③ without和but for 構(gòu)成虛擬(but for要不是)
句型:從句—would do/ would have done
例句:1. Without sunlight, people’s life would be different from today.沒有陽光,人們的生活將與今天不同。
2. But for your help, I wouldn’t have finished the work.如果沒有你的幫助,我就不會(huì)完成這項(xiàng)工作。
- ④ It’s necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that 從句
句型:從句中的動(dòng)詞要用虛擬,即(should)+動(dòng)詞原形
例句:It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language.重要的是,我們(應(yīng)該)掌握一門外語。