一、引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞有四類
1、單獨(dú)的連詞 包括 when,while, as, before, after, since, until等
2、短語連詞 包括 as soon as, no sooner … than … , hardly\scarcely … when … 等
3、時(shí)間名詞用作連詞 包括 every time, the time, by the time, any time; the moment, the minute, the day, the second 等
4、時(shí)間副詞用作連詞 包括 immediately, directly, instantly 等
可能還有沒有包括進(jìn)來的,請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)這個(gè)思路來把握。
請(qǐng)務(wù)必注意,時(shí)間狀語從句中不允許存在將來時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替。
(時(shí)間狀語從句中也不能有過去將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成,用一般過去時(shí)代替。中學(xué)階段接觸少,同學(xué)們了解一下就可以了,就不多講解這個(gè)用法了。)
He will come to see me next week. 他下周要來看我。(單獨(dú)說這一句話該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)。)
When he comes to see me next week, I will take him to visit the Great Wall. 當(dāng)他下周來看我時(shí),我將帶他去參觀長城。(從句部分用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),主句部分該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)。)
二、用法
1、when 當(dāng)…時(shí)候
When I was a child, my parents often bought me some toys. 當(dāng)我還是小孩時(shí),我父母經(jīng)常給我買一些玩具。
when the teacher called me, I was doing homework carefully at home. 當(dāng)老師給我打電話時(shí),我正在家認(rèn)真地做作業(yè)。
在很多情況下,when與while并沒有明顯的區(qū)別,兩者可以通用。如果一定要說與while區(qū)別時(shí),when 側(cè)重時(shí)間點(diǎn),強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的那個(gè)時(shí)刻。而while 側(cè)重時(shí)間段,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意體會(huì):
While I was doing homework carefully at home, the teacher called me. 當(dāng)我在家認(rèn)真地做作業(yè)時(shí),老師給我打來了電話。
2、while 在…期間,當(dāng)…時(shí)
While my mum was cooking in the kitchen, my dad liked to serve her. 在我媽媽做飯期間,我爸爸喜歡給她打下手。(當(dāng)我媽媽做飯時(shí),… )
- while 還有一個(gè)用法,表示輕微的轉(zhuǎn)折、動(dòng)作對(duì)比。這是它獨(dú)有的用法,其它引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞沒有這個(gè)用法。如
While my mum was cooking in the kitchen, my dad always watched TV . 我媽媽在廚房做飯時(shí),我爸爸卻總是在看電視。
I like to sing songs while my sister likes to dance. 我喜歡唱歌而我的妹妹卻喜歡跳舞。
3、as 邊…邊… , 隨著… ,
As he listens to music, he likes to talk with his partners. 他喜歡邊聽音樂邊與同伴聊天。
- as 作“邊…邊…”講解時(shí),側(cè)重主句與從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,同時(shí)進(jìn)行。一定注意英漢表達(dá)的不同。一是as引導(dǎo)的是第一個(gè)“邊” 的動(dòng)作,是從句;第二個(gè)“邊”的動(dòng)作是主句的動(dòng)作,不能再用as引導(dǎo),否則就沒有主句了。二是第二個(gè)“邊”的動(dòng)作必須有主語,中文常常是省略了主語。如,
他們邊走邊唱。 As they walk, they sing.
同學(xué)們?nèi)绻恢涝趺刺幚恚梢园言渥兺ㄒ幌拢八麄冞呑哌叧!?變通為 “當(dāng)他們走路時(shí),他們唱歌。” 這里的“當(dāng)…時(shí)” 就用as引導(dǎo),這樣就容易處理了。
- as作“隨著”講解時(shí),側(cè)重主句和從句兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)展變化。如,
As we have our own babies, we will understand our parents better and better. 隨著我們有了自己的孩子,我們?cè)絹碓嚼斫饬宋覀兊母改浮?/p>
4、before 在…之前,還沒來得及…, 趁著還沒…,不知不覺…, (后面幾個(gè)意思根據(jù)具體語境來理解。)
We must finish our homework before we go home. 我們?cè)诨丶抑氨仨毻瓿晌覀兊募彝プ鳂I(yè)。
All the birds flew away before I started to fire. 我還沒有來得及開槍,所有的鳥就飛走了。
I’ll water these flowers before it gets dark. 趁著天還沒黑,我要把這些花澆了。
Time went quickly and 3 years passed by before I knew it. 時(shí)間過得太快了,我不知不覺在那里度過了3年了。
5、after 在 … 之后
After Tom has done his homework, he goes to bed. 湯姆做完作業(yè)后,他上床睡覺。
6、until 直到
We didn’t have supper until my father got home. 直到我爸爸到家我們才開始吃晚飯。
- until 的用法比較特殊,它在引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)常常與not 搭配使用。“not … until … ” 直到…才…, 漢語句子中的”才“是通過英文中主句的否定句體現(xiàn)出來。
I didn’t know anything about it until you told me. 直到你告訴我,我才知道這件事。
He always doesn’t get up until his mother wakes him up. 通常直到他的媽媽叫醒他他才起床。
- ”not … until ” 到了高中階段,要學(xué)習(xí)掌握 “not until” 不分開,常常倒裝這一情況。
I didn’t have time to drink my tea until it became cool. →
Not until my tea became cool did I have time to drink it. 直到茶涼了,我才有空喝。
You mustn’t eat anything until you see the doctor. →
Not until you see the doctor can you eat something. 直到你見到醫(yī)生,你才能吃東西。
not until 引導(dǎo)的從句不倒裝,主句部分倒裝。簡單地說,所謂倒裝就是變一般疑問句的方法,該提前的提前。與變一般疑問句不同的是不需要一、二人稱互換,some與不需要改成any.
- ”not … until ” 到了高中階段,要學(xué)習(xí)掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的應(yīng)用情況。我們?cè)趶?qiáng)調(diào)句章節(jié)中重點(diǎn)講解,這里就不再重復(fù)。
7、as soon as 一… 就 …
as soon as 沒有時(shí)態(tài)的要求,只要主句與從句的時(shí)態(tài)相呼應(yīng)就可以。
As soon as he heard the news, he jumped with joy. 他一聽到這消息,就高興地跳了起來。
As soon as I arrive in Beijing, I will go to see you. 我一到達(dá)北京,就去看你。
8、no sooner … than … 一… 就 …
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 我剛一到家就下起雨來了。
- “no sooner … than … 一… 就 …” 這個(gè)搭配注意兩點(diǎn):一是對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)有要求,含有no sooner的主句用過去完成時(shí),含有than的從句用一般過去時(shí)。二是漢語中含有“一”的動(dòng)作用no sooner引導(dǎo),而no sooner的位置在過去完成時(shí)態(tài)had與過去分詞中間。than引導(dǎo)的從句務(wù)必有主語,漢語中通常是省略主語的。
- “no sooner … than … 一… 就 …” 這個(gè)搭配在高中階段常常倒裝。no sooner放在句首,過去完成時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成中的had提前到主語前面。than引導(dǎo)的從句不變化。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. →
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
9、hardly \ scarcely … when … 一… 就 …
與“no sooner … than … 一… 就 …”沒有任何區(qū)別,用法與倒裝方法完全相同。
10、every time 當(dāng)…時(shí)
Every time I listen to music, I will think of her. 每當(dāng)我聽音樂時(shí),我都會(huì)想起她。
11、the time 當(dāng)…時(shí)
The time the earthquake happened, the children were sleeping soundly. 地震發(fā)生時(shí),孩子們正睡得香。
12、any time 任何時(shí)候
I would help him any time he came to me. 任何時(shí)候他來找我,我都會(huì)幫他。
13、by the time 到…時(shí),當(dāng)…時(shí)
By the time you came back, I had finished reading this book.到你回來時(shí),我已經(jīng)寫完 這本書了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this project. 你明天來這兒的 時(shí)候,我將已經(jīng)完成此計(jì)劃了。
14、whenever 當(dāng)…時(shí),無論什么時(shí)候
Whenever the man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that he’s about to tell a lie.每當(dāng)那 個(gè)人說“說實(shí)在話”的時(shí)候,我猜想他就要說謊了。
15、the moment 一… 就 …, 當(dāng)…時(shí)
The moment I saw him, I recognized he was an old friend of mine.我一見到他,就認(rèn)出 來他是我的一個(gè)老朋友。
16、immediately 一… 就 …
I’ll give you an answer immediately I’ve finished reading your file. 我一看完你的檔案就 給你答復(fù)。
17、directly 一… 就 …
My mum always rushes into the kitchen directly she comes back home. 我媽媽總是一 回到家就沖進(jìn)廚房。
18、instantly 一… 就 …
The children run towards the playground instantly they hear the bell rings. 孩子們一聽 到鈴響就跑向操場(chǎng)。
immediately, directly, instantly這類副詞用作連詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作。它們引導(dǎo)的是含 有“一”的動(dòng)作。往往把主句放在前面,它們引導(dǎo)的從句在后面。
19、since 自從
since單獨(dú)放在后面講解一下,是因?yàn)樗容^特殊一點(diǎn)。它引導(dǎo)的是從句或短語,而主句常常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
我們常常學(xué)習(xí)到的用法有:
- since + 一般過去時(shí)的從句,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主句
Since I graduated from Wuhan University of Technology, I have worked and lived in this small town. 自從武漢理工大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,我就工作和生活在這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)。
Since he left here, great changes have taken place. 自從他離開這里,這里發(fā)生了很大的變化。
- since + 時(shí)間段+ago, 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主句
Since three years ago, the pandemic has influenced our daily life. 自從3年前,疫情就影響了我們的日常生活。
- since +過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主句
Since 2020, we have been learning English. 自從2020年,我們就一直學(xué)習(xí)英語了。
- since 還有一個(gè)用法,表示自從一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生后,時(shí)間過去了多久了。主句可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
It is 4 years since I left the army. 我離開部隊(duì)4年了。